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<title>Behavior</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Behavior</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="Behavior_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Behavior (disambiguation)">Behavior (disambiguation)</a>.</div>

</p><p><b>Behavior</b> (<a href="American_English" title="American English">American English</a>) or <b>behaviour</b> (<a href="British_English" title="British English">British English</a>) is the range of actions of <a href="Individual" title="Individual">individuals</a>, <a href="Organism" title="Organism">organisms</a>, <a href="Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Systems">systems</a> or <a href="Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial entities</a> in some environment. These systems can include other systems or organisms as well as the inanimate physical environment. It is the computed response of the system or organism to various stimuli or inputs, whether internal or external, <a href="Conscious" class="mw-redirect" title="Conscious">conscious</a> or <a href="Subconscious" title="Subconscious">subconscious</a>, overt or covert, and <a href="Voluntary_action" title="Voluntary action">voluntary</a> or <a href="Volition_(psychology)" title="Volition (psychology)">involuntary</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While some behavior is produced in response to an organism's environment (extrinsic motivation), behavior can also be the product of intrinsic motivation, also referred to as "agency" or "free will".

</p><p>Taking a <a href="Behavior_informatics" title="Behavior informatics">behavior informatics</a> perspective, a behavior consists of actor, operation, interactions, and their properties. This can be represented as a behavior <a href="Euclidean_vector" title="Euclidean vector">vector</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Models">Models</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biology">Biology</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Behavioral_ecology" title="Behavioral ecology">Behavioral ecology</a></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Definition">Definition</h4></div>

<p>Behavior may be defined as "the internally coordinated responses (actions or inactions) of whole living organisms (individuals or groups) to internal or external stimuli".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>A broader definition of behavior, applicable to plants and other organisms, is similar to the concept of <a href="Phenotypic_plasticity" title="Phenotypic plasticity">phenotypic plasticity</a>. It describes behavior as a response to an event or environment change during the course of the lifetime of an individual, differing from other physiological or biochemical changes that occur more rapidly, and excluding changes that are a result of development (<a href="Ontogeny" title="Ontogeny">ontogeny</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Behaviour can be regarded as any action of an organism that changes its relationship to its environment. Behavior provides outputs from the organism to the environment.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Determination_by_genetics_or_the_environment">Determination by genetics or the environment</h4></div>

<p>Behaviors can be either <a href="Innate" title="Innate">innate</a> or learned from the environment, or both, dependent on the organism.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The more complex nervous systems (or brains) are, the more influence learning has on behavior. However, even in mammals, a large fraction of behavior is genetically determined. For instance, <a href="Prairie_vole" title="Prairie vole">prairie voles</a> tend to be <a href="Monogamy" title="Monogamy">monogamous</a> while, while <a href="Eastern_meadow_vole" title="Eastern meadow vole">meadow voles</a> are more <a href="Promiscuity" title="Promiscuity">promiscuous</a>, a difference that is strongly determined by a single gene, <a href="Vasopressin_receptor_1A" title="Vasopressin receptor 1A">Avpr1a</a>, encoding a receptor for the peptide hormone <a href="Vasopressin" title="Vasopressin">Vasopressin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_behavior">Human behavior</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Human_behavior" title="Human behavior">Human behavior</a></div>

<p>The <a href="Endocrine_system" title="Endocrine system">endocrine system</a> and the <a href="Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">nervous system</a> likely influence human behavior. Complexity in the behavior of an organism may be correlated to the complexity of its nervous system. Generally, organisms with more complex nervous systems have a greater capacity to <a href="Learn" class="mw-redirect" title="Learn">learn</a> new responses and thus adjust their behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p><a href="Consumer_behaviour" title="Consumer behaviour">Consumer behaviour</a> is the behavior of humans when they act or treated as <a href="Consumer" title="Consumer">consumers</a>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Animal_behavior">Animal behavior</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Ethology" title="Ethology">Ethology</a></div>

<p>Ethology is the <a href="Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">scientific</a> and objective study of animal behavior, usually with a focus on behavior under natural conditions, and viewing behavior as an evolutionarily adaptive trait.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Behaviourism" class="mw-redirect" title="Behaviourism">Behaviorism</a> is a term that also describes the scientific and objective study of animal behavior, usually referring to measured responses to stimuli or trained behavioral responses in a <a href="Laboratory" title="Laboratory">laboratory</a> context, without a particular emphasis on evolutionary adaptivity.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_management">In management</h2></div>

<dl><dt>Behavior outside of psychology includes</dt>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organizational">Organizational</h3></div>

<p>In management, behaviors are associated with desired or undesired focuses. Managers generally note what the desired outcome is, but behavioral patterns can take over. These patterns are the reference to how often the desired behavior actually occurs. Before a behavior actually occurs, antecedents focus on the stimuli that influence the behavior that is about to happen. After the behavior occurs, consequences fall into place. Consequences consist of rewards or punishments.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_behavior">Social behavior</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Social_behavior" title="Social behavior">Social behavior</a></div><p>Social behavior is behavior among two or more <a href="Organism" title="Organism">organisms</a> within the same species, and encompasses any behavior in which one member affects the other. This is due to an <a href="Social_interaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Social interaction">interaction</a> among those members. Social behavior can be seen as similar to an exchange of goods, with the expectation that when one gives, one will receive the same. This behavior can be affected by both the qualities of the individual and the environmental (situational) factors. Therefore, social behavior arises as a result of an interaction between the two—the organism and its environment. This means that, in regards to humans, social behavior can be determined by both the individual characteristics of the person, and the situation they are in.

</p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Behavior_informatics">Behavior informatics</h2></div>

<p><a href="Behavior_informatics" title="Behavior informatics">Behavior informatics</a><sup id="cite_ref-:3_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also called <a href="Behavior_computing" class="mw-redirect" title="Behavior computing">behavior computing</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> explores behavior intelligence and behavior insights from the informatics and computing perspectives.

</p><p>Different from applied behavior analysis from the psychological perspective, BI builds computational theories, systems and tools to qualitatively and quantitatively model, represent, analyze, and manage behaviors of individuals, groups and/or organizations.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health">Health</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Health_belief_model" title="Health belief model">Health belief model</a>, <a href="Theory_of_planned_behavior" title="Theory of planned behavior">Theory of planned behavior</a>, <a href="Transtheoretical_model" title="Transtheoretical model">Transtheoretical model</a>, and <a href="Self-efficacy" title="Self-efficacy">Self-efficacy</a></div>

<p>Health behavior refers to a person's beliefs and actions regarding their health and <a href="Well-being" title="Well-being">well-being</a>. Health behaviors are direct factors in maintaining a healthy lifestyle. Health behaviors are influenced by the social, cultural, and physical environments in which we live. They are shaped by individual choices and external constraints. Positive behaviors help promote health and prevent disease, while the opposite is true for risk behaviors.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Health behaviors are early indicators of population health. Because of the time lag that often occurs between certain behaviors and the development of disease, these indicators may foreshadow the future burdens and benefits of health-risk and health-promoting behaviors.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Correlates">Correlates</h3></div>

<p>A variety of studies have examined the relationship between health behaviors and health outcomes (e.g., Blaxter 1990) and have demonstrated their role in both morbidity and mortality.

</p><p>These studies have identified seven features of lifestyle which were associated with lower morbidity and higher subsequent long-term survival (Belloc and Breslow 1972):

</p>

<ul><li>Avoiding snacks</li>

<li>Eating breakfast regularly</li>

<li>Exercising regularly</li>

<li>Maintaining a desirable body weight</li>

<li>Moderate alcohol intake</li>

<li>Not smoking</li>

<li>Sleeping 7–8hrs per night</li></ul>

<p>Health behaviors impact upon individuals' quality of life, by delaying the onset of chronic disease and extending active lifespan. Smoking, alcohol consumption, diet, gaps in primary care services and low screening uptake are all significant determinants of poor health, and changing such behaviors should lead to improved health.

For example, in US, Healthy People 2000, <a href="United_States_Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="United States Department of Health and Human Services">United States Department of Health and Human Services</a>, lists increased physical activity, changes in nutrition and reductions in tobacco, alcohol and drug use as important for health promotion and disease prevention.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Treatment_approach">Treatment approach</h3></div>

<p>Any interventions done are matched with the needs of each individual in an ethical and respected manner. <a href="Health_belief_model" title="Health belief model">Health belief model</a> encourages increasing individuals' perceived susceptibility to negative health outcomes and making individuals aware of the severity of such negative health behavior outcomes. E.g. through health promotion messages. In addition, the health belief model suggests the need to focus on the benefits of health behaviors and the fact that barriers to action are easily overcome. The <a href="Theory_of_planned_behavior" title="Theory of planned behavior">theory of planned behavior</a> suggests using persuasive messages for tackling behavioral beliefs to increase the readiness to perform a behavior, called <i>intentions</i>. The theory of planned behavior advocates the need to tackle normative beliefs and control beliefs in any attempt to change behavior. Challenging the normative beliefs is not enough but to follow through the <i>intention</i> with self-efficacy from individual's mastery in problem solving and task completion is important to bring about a positive change.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Self efficacy is often cemented through standard persuasive techniques.

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<ul><li><a href="Applied_behavior_analysis" title="Applied behavior analysis">Applied behavior analysis</a></li>

<li><a href="Behavioral_cusp" title="Behavioral cusp">Behavioral cusp</a></li>

<li><a href="Behavioral_economics" title="Behavioral economics">Behavioral economics</a></li>

<li><a href="Behavioral_genetics" class="mw-redirect" title="Behavioral genetics">Behavioral genetics</a></li>

<li><a href="Behavioural_sciences" title="Behavioural sciences">Behavioral sciences</a></li>

<li><a href="Cognitive_bias" title="Cognitive bias">Cognitive bias</a></li>

<li><a href="Evolutionary_physiology" title="Evolutionary physiology">Evolutionary physiology</a></li>

<li><a href="Experimental_analysis_of_behavior" title="Experimental analysis of behavior">Experimental analysis of behavior</a></li>

<li><a href="Human_sexual_behavior" class="mw-redirect" title="Human sexual behavior">Human sexual behavior</a></li>

<li><a href="Herd_behavior" title="Herd behavior">Herd behavior</a></li>

<li><a href="Instinct" title="Instinct">Instinct</a></li>

<li><a href="Mere-measurement_effect" title="Mere-measurement effect">Mere-measurement effect</a></li>

<li><a href="Motivation" title="Motivation">Motivation</a></li>

<li><a href="Normality_(behavior)" title="Normality (behavior)">Normality (behavior)</a></li>

<li><a href="Organizational_studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Organizational studies">Organizational studies</a></li>

<li><a href="Radical_behaviorism" title="Radical behaviorism">Radical behaviorism</a></li>

<li><a href="Reasoning" class="mw-redirect" title="Reasoning">Reasoning</a></li>

<li><a href="Rebellion" title="Rebellion">Rebellion</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_relation" title="Social relation">Social relation</a></li>

<li><a href="Theories_of_political_behavior" title="Theories of political behavior">Theories of political behavior</a></li>

<li><a href="Work_behavior" title="Work behavior">Work behavior</a></li></ul>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFElizabeth_A._Minton,_Lynn_R._Khale2014" class="citation book cs1">Elizabeth A. Minton, Lynn R. Khale (2014). <i>Belief Systems, Religion, and Behavioral Economics</i>. New York: Business Expert Press LLC. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-60649-704-3</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-:3-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCao2010" class="citation journal cs1">Cao, Longbing (2010). "In-depth Behavior Understanding and Use: the Behavior Informatics Approach". <i>Information Science</i>. <b>180</b> (17): <span class="nowrap">3067–</span>3085. <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2007.15516">2007.15516</a></span>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ins.2010.03.025">10.1016/j.ins.2010.03.025</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7400761">7400761</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLevitisWilliam_Z._Lidicker,_JrGlenn_Freund2009" class="citation journal cs1">Levitis, Daniel; William Z. Lidicker, Jr; Glenn Freund (June 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://academic.reed.edu/biology/courses/bio342/2010_syllabus/2010_readings/levitis_etal_2009.pdf">"Behavioural biologists do not agree on what constitutes behaviour"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Animal Behaviour</i>. <b>78</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">103–</span>10. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.anbehav.2009.03.018">10.1016/j.anbehav.2009.03.018</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2760923">2760923</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20160973">20160973</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://academic.reed.edu/biology/courses/bio342/2010_syllabus/2010_readings/levitis_etal_2009.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 October 2022.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karban, R. (2008). Plant behaviour and communication. <i>Ecology Letters</i> 11 (7): 727–739, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://169.237.77.3/news/PlantBehavior.pdf">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151004074635/http://169.237.77.3/news/PlantBehavior.pdf">Archived</a> 4 October 2015 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karban, R. (2015). Plant Behavior and Communication. In: <i>Plant Sensing and Communication</i>. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, pp. 1-8, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8HOeCQAAQBAJ">[2]</a>.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dusenbery, David B. (2009). <i>Living at Micro Scale</i>, p. 124. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-674-03116-6</bdi>.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.p.ebscohost.com/ehost/results?vid=3&sid=b38e88a7-1bf0-407a-83ac-ed2dad8c1a15@redis&bquery=Behavior+innate+learned+environment&bdata=JkF1dGhUeXBlPWlwLHNzbyZkYj1wYmgmY2xpMD1GVCZjbHYwPVkmdHlwZT0wJnNlYXJjaE1vZGU9U3RhbmRhcmQmc2l0ZT1laG9zdC1saXZl">"Result List: Behavior innate learned environment: EBSCOhost"</a>. <i>web.p.ebscohost.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFUnderwood2020" class="citation journal cs1">Underwood, Emily (22 October 2020). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://knowablemagazine.org/content/article/living-world/2020/solo-stars-among-genes">"Solo stars among the genes"</a></span>. <i>Knowable Magazine</i>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fknowable-102120-1">10.1146/knowable-102120-1</a></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGregory2015" class="citation book cs1">Gregory, Alan (2015). <i>Book of Alan: A Universal Order</i>. Xlibris Corporation. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-5144-2053-9</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ethology">"Definition of ethology"</a>. <i>Merriam-Webster</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/behaviorism">"Definition of behaviorism"</a>. <i>Merriam-Webster</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><br><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120712173004/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/behaviourism">"Behaviourism"</a>. Oxford Dictionaries. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/behaviourism">the original</a> on 12 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCaoYu2012" class="citation book cs1">Cao, L.; Yu, P., eds. (2012). <i>Behavior Computing: Modeling, Analysis, Mining and Decision</i>. Springer. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-4471-2969-1</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/82-229-x/2009001/deter/int3-eng.htm">"Health behaviours"</a>. <i>statcan.gc.ca</i>. 11 January 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGollwitzer1993" class="citation journal cs1">Gollwitzer, Peter M. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.socmot.uni-konstanz.de/sites/default/files/93_Gollwitzer_Goal_Achievement_neu.pdf">"Goal Achievement: The Role of Intentions"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>European Review of Social Psychology</i>. <b>4</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">141–</span>185. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14792779343000059">10.1080/14792779343000059</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div>

<dl><dt>General</dt></dl>

<ul><li>Cao, L. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170301101920/http://www-staff.it.uts.edu.au/~lbcao/publication/IS-29-04-Trends-1.pdf">Behavior Informatics: A New Perspective</a>. IEEE Intelligent Systems (Trends and Controversies), 29(4): 62–80.</li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFClemons2008" class="citation journal cs1">Clemons, E. K. (2008). "How Information Changes Consumer Behavior and How Consumer Behavior Determines Corporate Strategy". <i>Journal of Management Information Systems</i>. <b>25</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">13–</span>40. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2753%2Fmis0742-1222250202">10.2753/mis0742-1222250202</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16370526">16370526</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFDowhan2013" class="citation journal cs1">Dowhan, D (2013). "Hitting Your Target". <i>Marketing Insights</i>. <b>35</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">32–</span>38.</cite></li>

<li>Perner, L. (2008), Consumer behavior. <i>University of Southern California, Marshall School of Business.</i> Retrieved from <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.consumerpsychologist.com/intro_Consumer_Behavior.html">http://www.consumerpsychologist.com/intro_Consumer_Behavior.html</a></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFSzwacka-Mokrzycka2015" class="citation journal cs1">Szwacka-Mokrzycka, J (2015). "TRENDS IN CONSUMER behavior CHANGES. OVERVIEW OF CONCEPTS". <i>Acta Scientiarum Polonorum. Oeconomia</i>. <b>14</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">149–</span>156.</cite></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li>Bateson, P. (2017) <i><a href="https://doi.org/10.11647/OBP.0097" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.11647/OBP.0097">behavior, Development and Evolution</a></i>. Open Book Publishers, Cambridge. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-78374-250-9</bdi>.</li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFPlominDeFriesKnopikNeiderhiser2012" class="citation book cs1">Plomin, Robert; DeFries, John C.; Knopik, Valerie S.; Neiderhiser, Jenae M. (24 September 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OytMMAEACAAJ"><i>Behavioral Genetics</i></a>. Shaun Purcell (Appendix: Statistical Methods in Behavioral Genetics). Worth Publishers. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-4292-4215-8</bdi><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFFlintGreenspanKendler2010" class="citation book cs1">Flint, Jonathan; Greenspan, Ralph J.; Kendler, Kenneth S. (28 January 2010). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howgenesinfl_flin_2010_000_10540804"><i>How Genes Influence Behavior</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-19-955990-9</bdi>.</cite></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Behavior" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Behavior">Behavior</a></span>.</div></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/behavior" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/behavior">behavior</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div>

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<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://earthlingnature.wordpress.com/2016/09/26/what-is-behavior-baby-dont-ask-me-dont-ask-me-no-more/">What is behavior? Baby don't ask me, don't ask me, no more</a> at Earthling Nature.</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.behaviorinformatics.org">behaviorinformatics.org</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://people.virginia.edu/~ent3c/vita1_turkheimer.htm">Links to review articles by Eric Turkheimer and co-authors on behavior research</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170705130700/http://www-staff.it.uts.edu.au/%7Elbcao/publication/behavior-informatics-tutorial-slidesx.pdf">Links to IJCAI2013 tutorial on behavior informatics and computing</a></li></ul>

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